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💚 The Season after Pentecost

Pentecost is the final day of Easter, commemorating the gift of the Holy Spirit at Jerusalem, according to Acts 2. The season that follows (also known as Ordinary Time) covers the remainder of the Church Year, ending the day before the First Sunday of Advent. In all, the Season after Pentecost lasts 23–28 weeks (no earlier than May 9, no later than December 2).

The first Sunday after Pentecost celebrates the Trinity, and the last Sunday after Pentecost celebrates the Reign of Christ.

The season also includes the Transfiguration (August 6), Holy Cross Day (September 14), and All Saints’ Day (November 1), among other major feasts.

The following table lists each day’s morning and evening psalms as well as the first, second, and gospel readings.

In Year One, the second reading is traditionally meant for the morning and the gospel for evening. In Year Two, the gospel is for the morning and the second reading for evening.

When there is more than one first, second, or gospel reading, then those specified for morning or evening are marked by the 🌞 and 🌛 emoji, respectively. Alternative readings are marked by the 🔀 emoji.

On smaller screens, you can scroll both horizontally and vertically to read across rows and columns.

Daily Office Lectionary Readings for the Season after Pentecost (Year One)
🗓️ Day🌞 Morning
🎶 Psalm		1️⃣ First2️⃣ Second🗞️ Gospel🌛 Evening
🎶 Psalm
Monday
(Proper 3)
25Deut 4:9–142 Cor 1:11Luke 14:25–359, 15
Eve of the Visitation
(Tuesday)
26, 28Deut 4:15–24
Isa 11:1–10		2 Cor 1:12–22
Heb 2:11–18		Luke 15:1–10146, 147
The Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth
(Wednesday)
721 Sam 1:1–20
Zech 2:10–13		Heb 3:1–6John 3:25–30146, 147
Thursday
37:1–18Deut 4:32–402 Cor 3:1–18Luke 16:1–937:19–42
Friday
31Deut 5:1–222 Cor 4:1–12Luke 16:10–17(18)35
Eve of Trinity Sunday
30, 32Deut 5:22–33
Sir 42:15–25		2 Cor 4:13–5:10
Eph 3:14–21		Luke 16:19–31104
First Sunday after Pentecost: Trinity Sunday
146, 147Sir 43:1–12(27–33)Eph 4:1–16John 1:1–18111, 112, 113
Monday
(Proper 4)
41, 52Deut 11:13–192 Cor 5:11–6:2Luke 17:1–1044
Tuesday
45Deut 12:1–122 Cor 6:2–13(14–7:1)Luke 17:11–1947, 48
Wednesday
119:49–72Deut 13:1–112 Cor 7:2–16Luke 17:20–3749, [53]
Thursday
50Deut 16:18–20; 17:14–202 Cor 8:1–16Luke 18:1–8[59], [60], 8, 84
Friday
40, 54Deut 26:1–112 Cor 8:16–24Luke 18:9–1451
Saturday
55Deut 29:2–152 Cor 9:1–15Luke 18:15–30138, 139:1–17(18–23)
Saint Barnabas the Apostle
(Proper 5)
15, 67Sir 31:3–11
Job 29:1–16		Acts 4:32–37
Acts 9:26–31		19, 146
Monday
56, 57, [58]Deut 30:1–102 Cor 10:1–18Luke 18:31–4364, 65
Tuesday
61, 62Deut 30:11–202 Cor 11:1–21aLuke 19:1–1068:1–20(21–23)24–36
Wednesday
72Deut 31:30–32:142 Cor 11:21b–33Luke 19:11–27119:73–96
Thursday
[70], 71Sir 44:19–45:52 Cor 12:1–10Luke 19:28–4074
Friday
69:1–23(24–30)31–38Sir 45:6–162 Cor 12:11–21Luke 19:41–4873
Saturday
75, 76Sir 46:1–102 Cor 13:1–14Luke 20:1–823, 27
3rd Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 6)
93, 96Sir 46:11–20Rev 15:1–8Matt 18:1–1434
Monday
801 Sam 1:1–20Acts 1:1–14Luke 20:9–1977, [79]
Tuesday
78:1–391 Sam 1:21–2:11Acts 1:15–26Luke 20:19–2678:40–72
Wednesday
119:97–1201 Sam 2:12–26Acts 2:1–21Luke 20:27–4081, 82
Thursday
[83], 341 Sam 2:27–36Acts 2:22–36Luke 20:41–21:485, 86
Eve of Saint John the Baptist
(Friday)
881 Sam 3:1–21
Sir 48:1–11		Acts 2:37–47Luke 21:5–19
Luke 1:5–23		103
The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
(Saturday)
82, 98Mal 3:1–5
Mal 4:1–6		John 3:22–30
Matt 11:2–19		80
4th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 7)
66, 671 Sam 4:12–22James 1:18Matt 19:23–3019, 46
Monday
89:1–181 Sam 5:1–12Acts 5:12–26Luke 21:29–3689:19–52
Tuesday
97, 99, [100]1 Sam 6:1–16Acts 5:27–42Luke 21:37–22:1394, [95]
Wednesday
101, 109:1–4(5–19)20–301 Sam 7:2–17Acts 6:1–15Luke 22:14–23119:121–144
Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Apostles
(Thursday)
66Ezek 2:1–7
Isa 49:1–6		Acts 11:1–18
Gal 2:1–9		97, 138
Friday
1021 Sam 9:1–14Acts 7:17–29Luke 22:31–38107:1–32
Saturday
107:33–43, 108:1–6(7–13)1 Sam 9:15–10:1Acts 7:30–43Luke 22:39–5133
5th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 8)
1181 Sam 10:1–16Rom 4:13–25Matt 21:23–32145
Monday
106:1–181 Sam 10:17–27Acts 7:44–8:1aLuke 22:52–62106:19–48
Tuesday
[120], 121, 122, 1231 Sam 11:1–15Acts 8:1–13Luke 22:63–71124, 125, 126, [127]
Wednesday
119:145–1761 Sam 12:1–6Acts 8:14–25Luke 23:1–12128, 129, 130
Thursday
131, 132, [133]1 Sam 13:5–18Acts 8:26–40Luke 23:13–25134, 135
Friday
140, 1421 Sam 13:19–14:15Acts 9:1–9Luke 23:26–31141, 143:1–11(12)
Saturday
137:1–6(7–9), 1441 Sam 14:16–30Acts 9:10–19aLuke 23:32–43104
6th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 9)
146, 1471 Sam 14:36–45Rom 5:1–11Matt 22:1–14111, 112, 113
Monday
1, 2, 31 Sam 15:1–3, 7–23Acts 9:19b–31Luke 23:44–56a4, 7
Tuesday
5, 61 Sam 15:24–35Acts 9:32–43Luke 23:56b–24:1110, 11
Wednesday
119:1–241 Sam 16:1–13Acts 10:1–16Luke 24:13–3512, 13, 14
Thursday
18:1–201 Sam 16:14–17:11Acts 10:17–33Luke 24:36–5318:21–50
Friday
16, 171 Sam 17:17–30Acts 10:34–48Mark 1:1–1322
Saturday
20, 21:1–7(8–14)1 Sam 17:31–49Acts 11:1–18Mark 1:14–28110:1–5(6–7), 116, 117
7th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 10)
148, 149, 1501 Sam 17:50–18:4Rom 10:4–17Matt 23:29–39114, 115, 117
Monday
251 Sam 18:5–16, 27b–30Acts 11:19–30Mark 1:29–459, 15
Tuesday
26, 281 Sam 19:1–18Acts 12:1–17Mark 2:1–1236, 39
Wednesday
381 Sam 20:1–23Acts 12:18–25Mark 2:13–22119:25–48
Thursday
37:1–181 Sam 20:24–42Acts 13:1–12Mark 2:23–3:637:19–42
Friday
311 Sam 21:1–15Acts 13:13–25Mark 3:7–19a35
Saint Mary Magdalene
(Saturday)
116Zeph 3:14–20
Exod 15:19–21		2 Cor 1:3–7Mark 15:47–16:730, 149
8th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 11)
63:1–8(9–11), 981 Sam 23:7–18Rom 11:33–12:2Matt 25:14–30103
Monday
41, 521 Sam 24:1–22Acts 13:44–52Mark 4:1–2044
Saint James the Apostle
(Tuesday)
34Jer 16:14–21
Jer 26:1–15		Mark 1:14–20
Matt 10:16–32		33
Wednesday
119:49–721 Sam 25:23–44Acts 14:19–28Mark 4:35–4149, [53]
Thursday
501 Sam 28:3–20Acts 15:1–11Mark 5:1–20[59], [60], 66, 67
Friday
40, 541 Sam 31:1–13Acts 15:12–21Mark 5:21–4351
Saturday
552 Sam 1:1–16Acts 15:22–35Mark 6:1–13138, 139:1–17(18–23)
9th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 12)
24, 292 Sam 1:17–27Rom 12:9–21Matt 25:31–468, 84
Monday
56, 57, [58]2 Sam 2:1–11Acts 15:36–16:5Mark 6:14–2964, 65
Tuesday
61, 622 Sam 3:6–21Acts 16:6–15Mark 6:30–4668:1–20(21–23)24–36
Wednesday
722 Sam 3:22–39Acts 16:16–24Mark 6:47–56119:73–96
Thursday
[70], 712 Sam 4:1–12Acts 16:25–40Mark 7:1–2374
Friday
69:1–23(24–30)31–382 Sam 5:1–12Acts 17:1–15Mark 7:24–3773
Eve of the Transfiguration
(Saturday)
75, 762 Sam 5:22–6:11
1 Kings 19:1–12		Acts 17:16–34
2 Cor 3:1–9, 18		Mark 8:1–1084
The Transfiguration of Christ
(Proper 13)
2, 24Exod 24:12–18
Dan 7:9–10, 13–14		2 Cor 4:1–6John 12:27–36a72
Monday
802 Sam 7:1–17Acts 18:1–11Mark 8:11–2177, [79]
Tuesday
78:1–392 Sam 7:18–29Acts 18:12–28Mark 8:22–3378:40–72
Wednesday
119:97–1202 Sam 9:1–13Acts 19:1–10Mark 8:34–9:181, 82
Thursday
[83], 1452 Sam 11:1–27Acts 19:11–20Mark 9:2–1385, 86
Friday
882 Sam 12:1–14Acts 19:21–41Mark 9:14–2991, 92
Saturday
87, 902 Sam 12:15–31Acts 20:1–16Mark 9:30–41136
11th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 14)
66, 672 Sam 13:1–22Rom 15:1–13John 3:22–3619, 46
Monday
89:1–182 Sam 13:23–39Acts 20:17–38Mark 9:42–5089:19–52
Saint Mary, Mother of Christ
(Tuesday)
113, 1151 Sam 2:1–10
Jer 31:1–14
Zech 2:10–13		John 2:1–12
John 19:23–27
Acts 1:6–14		45, [138], [149]
Wednesday
101, 109:1–4(5–19)20–302 Sam 14:21–33Acts 21:15–26Mark 10:17–31119:121–144
Thursday
105:1–222 Sam 15:1–18Acts 21:27–36Mark 10:32–45105:23–45
Friday
1022 Sam 15:19–37Acts 21:37–22:16Mark 10:46–52107:1–32
Saturday
107:33–43, 108:1–6(7–13)2 Sam 16:1–23Acts 22:17–29Mark 11:1–1133
12th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 15)
1182 Sam 17:1–23Gal 3:6–14John 5:30–47145
Monday
106:1–182 Sam 17:24–18:8Acts 22:30–23:11Mark 11:12–26106:19–48
Tuesday
[120], 121, 122, 1232 Sam 18:9–18Acts 23:12–24Mark 11:27–12:12124, 125, 126, [127]
Wednesday
119:145–1762 Sam 18:19–33Acts 23:23–35Mark 12:13–27128, 129, 130
Saint Bartholomew the Apostle
(Thursday)
86Gen 28:10–17
Isa 66:1–2, 18–23		1 Pet 5:1–11John 1:43–5115, 67
Friday
140, 1422 Sam 19:24–43Acts 24:24–25:12Mark 12:35–44141, 143:1–11(12)
Saturday
137:1–6(7–9), 1442 Sam 23:1–7, 13–17Acts 25:13–27Mark 13:1–13104
13th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 16)
146, 1472 Sam 24:1–2, 10–15Gal 3:23–4:7John 8:12–20111, 112, 113
Monday
1, 2, 31 Kgs 1:5–31Acts 25:1–23Mark 13:14–274, 7
Tuesday
5, 61 Kgs 1:38–2:4Acts 26:24–27:8Mark 13:28–3710, 11
Wednesday
119:1–241 Kgs 3:1–15Acts 27:9–26Mark 14:1–1112, 13, 14
Thursday
18:1–201 Kgs 3:16–28Acts 27:27–44Mark 14:12–2618:21–50
Friday
16, 171 Kgs 5:1–6:1,7Acts 28:1–16Mark 14:27–4222
Saturday
20, 21:1–7(8–14)1 Kgs 7:51–8:21Acts 28:17–31Mark 14:43–52110:1–5(6–7), 116, 117
14th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 17)
148, 149, 1501 Kgs 8:22–30(31–40)1 Tim 4:7b–16John 8:47–59114, 115
Monday
252 Chr 6:32–7:7Jas 2:1–13Mark 14:53–659, 15
Tuesday
26, 281 Kgs 8:65–9:9Jas 2:14–26Mark 14:66–7236, 39
Wednesday
381 Kgs 9:24–10:13Jas 3:1–12Mark 15:1–11119:25–48
Thursday
37:1–81 Kgs 11:1–13Jas 3:13–4:12Mark 15:12–2137:19–42
Friday
311 Kgs 11:26–43Jas 4:13–6:5Mark 15:22–3235
Saturday
30, 321 Kgs 12:1–20Jas 5:7–12, 19–20Mark 15:33–3942, 43
15th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 18)
63:1–8(9–11), 981 Kgs 12:21–33Acts 4:18–31John 10:31–42103
Monday
41, 521 Kgs 13:1–10Phil 1:1–11Mark 15:40–4744
Tuesday
451 Kgs 16:23–34Phil 1:23–30Mark 16:1–8(9–20)47, 48
Eve of Holy Cross
(Wednesday)
119:49–721 Kgs 17:1–24
1 Kgs 8:22–30		Phil 2:1–11
Eph 2:11–22		Matt 2:1–1246, 87
Holy Cross Day
(Thursday)
66Num 21:4–9
Gen 3:1–15		1 Pet 3:17–22John 3:11–17118
Friday
40, 541 Kgs 18:20–40Phil 3:1–16Matt 3:1–1251
Saturday
551 Kgs 18:41–19:8Phil 3:17–4:7Matt 3:13–17138, 139:1–17(18–23)
16th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 19)
24, 291 Kgs 19:8–21Acts 5:34–42John 11:45–578, 84
Monday
56, 57, [58]1 Kgs 21:1–161 Cor 1:1–19Matt 4:1–1164, 65
Tuesday
61, 621 Kgs 21:17–291 Cor 1:20–31Matt 4:12–1768:1–20(21–23)34–36
Wednesday
721 Kgs 22:1–281 Cor 2:1–13Matt 4:18–25119:73–96
Saint Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist
(Thursday)
119:41–64Isa 8:11–20
Job 28:12–28		Rom 10:1–15Matt 13:44–5219, 112
Friday
69:1–23(24–30)31–382 Kgs 1:2–171 Cor 3:16–23Matt 5:11–1673
Saturday
75, 762 Kgs 2:1–181 Cor 4:1–7Matt 5:17–2023, 27
17th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 20)
93, 962 Kgs 4:8–37Acts 9:10–31Luke 3:7–1834
Monday
802 Kgs 5:1–191 Cor 4:8–21Matt 5:21–2677, [79]
Tuesday
78:1–392 Kgs 5:19–271 Cor 5:1–8Matt 5:23–3778:40–72
Wednesday
119:97–1202 Kgs 6:1–231 Cor 5:9–6:8Matt 5:38–4881, 82
Thursday
[83], 116, 1172 Kgs 9:1–161 Cor 6:12–20Matt 6:1–6, 16–1885, 86
Saint Michael and All Angels
(Friday)
8, 148Job 38:1–7
Dan 12:1–3
2 Kgs 6:8–17		Heb 1:1–14Mark 13:21–27
Rev 5:1–14		34, 150, [104]
Saturday
87, 902 Kgs 11:1–20a1 Cor 7:10–24Matt 6:19–24136
18th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 21)
66, 672 Kgs 17:1–18Acts 9:36–43Luke 5:1–1119, 46
Monday
89:1–182 Kgs 17:24–411 Cor 7:25–31Matt 6:25–3489:19–52
Tuesday
97, 99, [100]2 Chr 29:1–3; 30:1(2–9)10–271 Cor 7:32–40Matt 7:1–1294, [95]
Wednesday
101, 109:1–4(5–19)20–302 Kgs 18:9–251 Cor 8:1–13Matt 7:13–21119:121–144
Thursday
105:1–222 Kgs 18:28–371 Cor 9:1–15Matt 7:22–29105:23–45
Friday
1022 Kgs 19:1–201 Cor 9:16–27Matt 8:1–17107:1–32
Saturday
107:33–43, 108:1–6(7–13)2 Kgs 19:21–361 Cor 10:1–13Matt 8:18–2733
19th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 22)
1182 Kgs 20:1–21Acts 12:1–17Luke 7:11–17145
Monday
106:1–182 Kgs 21:1–181 Cor 10:14–11:1Matt 8:28–34106:19–48
Tuesday
[120], 121, 122, 1232 Kgs 22:1–131 Cor 11:2, 17–22Matt 9:1–8124, 125, 126, [127]
Wednesday
119:145–1762 Kgs 22:14–23:31 Cor 11:23–34Matt 9:9–17128, 129, 130
Thursday
131, 132, [133]2 Kgs 23:4–251 Cor 12:1–11Matt 9:18–26134, 135
Friday
140, 1422 Kgs 23:36–24:171 Cor 12:12–26Matt 9:27–34141, 143:1–11(12)
Saturday
137:1–6(7–9), 144Jer 35:1–191 Cor 12:27–13:3Matt 9:35–10:4104
20th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 23)
146, 147Jer 36:1–10Acts 14:8–18Luke 7:36–50111, 112, 113
Monday
1, 2, 3Jer 36:11–261 Cor 13:(1–3)4–13Matt 10:5–154, 7
Tuesday
5, 6Jer 36:27:37–21 Cor 14:1–12Matt 10:16–2310, 11
Saint Luke the Evangelist
(Wednesday)
103Ezek 47:1–12
Isa 52:7–10		Acts 1:1–8Luke 1:1–467, 96
Thursday
18:1–20Jer 38:1–131 Cor 14:26–33a, 37–40Matt 10:34–4218:21–50
Friday
16, 17Jer 38:14–281 Cor 15:1–11Matt 11:1–622
Saturday
20, 21:1–7(8–14)2 Kgs 25:8–12, 22–261 Cor 15:12–29Matt 11:7–15110:1–5(6–7), 116, 117
21st Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 24)
148, 149, 150Jer 29:1, 4–14Acts 16:6–15Luke 10:1–12, 17–20114, 115
Saint James of Jerusalem, Brother of Christ, and Martyr
(Monday)
119:145–168Jer 11:18–23
Isa 65:17–25		Heb 12:12–24Matt 10:16–22122, 125
Tuesday
26, 28Lam 1:1–5(6–9)10–121 Cor 15:41–50Matt 11:25–3036, 39
Wednesday
38Lam 2:8–151 Cor 15:51–58Matt 12:1–14119:25–48
Thursday
37:1–18Ezra 1:1–111 Cor 16:1–9Matt 12:15–2137:19–42
Friday
31Ezra 3:1–131 Cor 16:10–24Matt 12:22–3235
Saint Simon and Saint Jude, Apostles
(Saturday)
66Isa 28:9–16
Isa 4:2–9		Eph 4:1–16John 14:15–31116, 117
22nd Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 25)
63:1–8(9–11), 98Hag 1:1–2:9Acts 18:24–19:7Luke 10:25–37103
Monday
41, 52Zech 1:7–17Rev 1:4–20Matt 12:43–5044
Eve of All Saints
(Tuesday)
45Ezra 5:1–17
Wis 3:1–9		Rev 4:1–11
Rev 19:1, 4–10		Matt 13:1–934
All Saints’ Day
(Wednesday)
111, 1122 Esd 2:42–47
Wis 5:1–5, 14–16		Heb 11:32–12:2
Rev 21:1–4, 22–22:5		148, 150
Thursday
50Neh 1:1–11Rev 5:11–6:11Matt 13:18–23[59], [60], 103
Friday
40, 54Neh 2:1–20Rev 6:12–7:4Matt 13:24–3051
Saturday
55Neh 4:1–23Rev 7:(4–8)9–17Matt 13:31–55138, 139:1–17(18–23)
23rd Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 26)
24, 29Neh 5:1–19Acts 20:7–12Luke 12:22–318, 84
Monday
56, 57, [58]Neh 6:1–19Rev 10:1–11Matt 13:36–4364, 65
Tuesday
61, 62Neh 12:27–31a, 42b–47Rev 11:1–19Matt 13:44–5268:1–20(21–23)24–36
Wednesday
72Neh 13:4–22Rev 12:1–12Matt 13:53–58119:73–96
Thursday
[70], 71Ezra 7:(1–10)11–26Rev 14:1–13Matt 14:1–1274
Friday
69:1–23(24–30)31–38Ezra 7:27–28; 8:21–36Rev 15:1–8Matt 14:13–2173
Saturday
75, 76Ezra 9:1–15Rev 17:1–14Matt 14:22–3623, 27
24th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 27)
93, 96Ezra 10:1–17Acts 24:10–21Luke 14:12–2434
Monday
80Neh 9:1–15(16–25)Rev 18:1–8Matt 15:1–2077, [79]
Tuesday
78:1–39Neh 9:26–38Rev 18:9–20Matt 15:21–2878:40–72
Wednesday
119:97–120Neh 7:73b–8:3, 5–18Rev 18:21–24Matt 15:29–3981, 82
Thursday
[83], 23, 271 Macc 1:1–28Rev 19:1–10Matt 16:1–1285, 86
Friday
881 Macc 1:41–63Rev 19:11–16Matt 16:1–1291, 92
Saturday
87, 901 Macc 2:1–28Rev 20:1–6Matt 16:21–28136
25th Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 28)
66, 671 Macc 2:29–43, 49–50Acts 28:14b–23Luke 16:1–1319, 46
Monday
89:1–181 Macc 3:1–24Rev 20:7–15Matt 17:1–1389:19–52
Tuesday
97, 99, [100]1 Macc 3:25–41Rev 21:1–8Matt 17:14–2194, [95]
Wednesday
101, 109:1–4(5–19)20–301 Macc 3:42–60Rev 21:9–21Matt 17:22–27119:121–144
Thursday
105:1–221 Macc 4:1–25Rev 21:22–22:5Matt 18:1–9105:23–45
Friday
1021 Macc 4:36–59Rev 22:6–13Matt 18:10–20107:1–32
Saturday
107:33–43, 108:1–6(7–13)Isa 65:17–25Rev 22:14–21Matt 18:21–3533
Last Sunday after Pentecost
(Proper 29)
118Isa 19:19–25Rom 15:5–13Luke 19:11–27145
Monday
106:1–18Joel 3:1–2, 9–171 Pet 1:1–12Matt 19:1–12106:19–48
Tuesday
[120], 121, 122, 123Nah 1:1–131 Pet 1:13–25Matt 19:13–22124, 125, 126, [127]
Wednesday
119:145–176Obad 15–211 Pet 2:1–10Matt 19:23–30128, 129, 130
Saint Andrew the Apostle
(Thursday)
34Isa 49:1–6
Isa 55:1–5		1 Cor 4:1–16John 1:35–4296, 100
Friday
140, 142Isa 24:14–231 Pet 3:13–4:6Matt 20:17–28141, 142:1–11(12)
Saturday
137:1–6(7–9), 144Mic 7:11–201 Pet 4:7–19Matt 20:29–34104
Note: References follow abbreviations from the Society of Biblical Literature.